{"id":2511,"date":"2021-11-09T06:42:10","date_gmt":"2021-11-09T06:42:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fuchenglhd.com\/?p=2511"},"modified":"2021-12-15T03:40:03","modified_gmt":"2021-12-15T03:40:03","slug":"madencilik-sureci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fuchenglhd.com\/tr\/blog\/the-mining-process\/","title":{"rendered":"Ba\u015ftan Sona Madencilik S\u00fcreci"},"content":{"rendered":"Kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z enerji ve emtialar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu madencilik s\u00fcrecinden gelmektedir. Madencilik s\u00fcrecinin ad\u0131mlar\u0131 y\u0131llar boyunca pek de\u011fi\u015fmemi\u015ftir ve bu da madencili\u011fi Amerikan ekonomisinin \u00f6nemli bir unsuru haline getirmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte, madencilik s\u00fcrecinin cevher \u00e7\u0131karmada ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 ve verimli olabilmesi i\u00e7in, s\u00fcrecin y\u00fcksek derecede \u00f6zen ve dikkat gerektirmesi gerekir. Bu nedenle madencilik s\u00fcrecini alt\u0131 farkl\u0131 a\u015famaya ay\u0131rd\u0131k.\n\n

<\/b>Maden arama<\/span><\/b><\/h2><\/div>\n
Alt\u0131n madencili\u011fi s\u00fcreci, her madencilik s\u00fcrecinde sihrin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi zamand\u0131r. Maden arama, madencilik s\u00fcrecinde \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131md\u0131r. \u015eirketler, araziyi incelemek ve uzak yerlerdeki maden rezervlerini aramak i\u00e7in jeologlar\u0131 ve di\u011fer uzmanlar\u0131 i\u015fe al\u0131r. Jeolojik haritalama, jeofizik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler ve kimyasal analizler genellikle olas\u0131 yataklar\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan itibaren belirlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/div>\nSu, petrol ve toprak incelenir ve \u015firketler yeni maden b\u00f6lgesindeki sosyal ve ekonomik etkileri de\u011ferlendirmeye ba\u015flar.\n\nMadencilik s\u00fcrecinin bir sonraki a\u015famas\u0131nda, di\u011ferlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra D\u00fcnya'n\u0131n manyetik alan\u0131n\u0131, radyasyonunu ve D\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyinin alt\u0131ndaki elektrik iletkenli\u011fini okumak i\u00e7in havadan veya yerden jeofizik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\n\n\u015eirketler bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapt\u0131ktan sonra y\u00fczeyin alt\u0131nda ne oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmek i\u00e7in sondaj \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flayabilir. Madenciler, sondaj yapt\u0131klar\u0131 ve numune ald\u0131klar\u0131 jeolojik cevherin 2 veya 3 boyutlu bir modelini \u00e7izerek bir yata\u011f\u0131n ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olabilece\u011fine dair kabaca bir fikir edinebilirler, bu da onlara yataklar\u0131n potansiyel \u00f6l\u00e7e\u011fi hakk\u0131nda bir fikir verir.\n\n

<\/b>Bir maden yerinin tasar\u0131m\u0131 ve planlanmas\u0131<\/span><\/b><\/h2><\/div>\n\nMadencilik s\u00fcrecinin ikinci ad\u0131m\u0131, maden sahas\u0131 se\u00e7iminin tasarlanmas\u0131 ve planlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Madenciler b\u00f6lgeyi haritaland\u0131rd\u0131ktan ve maden kaynaklar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda veri toplad\u0131ktan sonra, proje tasar\u0131m ve planlama a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7ebilir. Tipik olarak bu, bir \u015firketin \u00e7e\u015fitli planlar\u0131 incelemesini ve hangisinin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in en uygun oldu\u011funa karar vermesini i\u00e7erir.\n\nMadencilik s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, bir \u015firket biri 20 y\u0131ll\u0131k di\u011feri on y\u0131ll\u0131k iki plan geli\u015ftirebilir. Madencilik \u015firketleri bu t\u00fcr bir analizi kullanarak gelecekteki projelerinin ne kadar karl\u0131 olabilece\u011fini ve bunlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli, \u00e7evreye duyarl\u0131, ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan uygulanabilir ve sosyal a\u00e7\u0131dan sorumlu bir \u015fekilde nas\u0131l yap\u0131labilece\u011fini tahmin edebilirler. Madencilik s\u00fcreci \u00e7ok ihtiyatl\u0131d\u0131r.\n\n

<\/b>\u0130n\u015faat<\/span><\/b><\/h2><\/div>\n\nBu, madencilik s\u00fcrecinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ad\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u0131kar\u0131lan malzemeye ve proje in\u015faat\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, bu ad\u0131m ke\u015fif ve tasar\u0131m a\u015famalar\u0131ndan daha uzun s\u00fcrebilir.\n\nBunun nedeni, in\u015faat ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce projenin d\u00fczenleyici, finansman ve teknik konular\u0131n\u0131n ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir. Bu konular aras\u0131nda yol yap\u0131m\u0131, madencilik proses tesisleri ve \u00e7evre kontrol sistemleri ile personel konutlar\u0131n\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.\n\n

<\/b>Madencilik Faaliyeti<\/span><\/b><\/h2><\/div>\n

A\u00e7\u0131k ocak madencili\u011fi<\/h3>\nKe\u015fif sondaj\u0131ndan elde edilen bilgiler daha sonra bir kaynak modeli olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu bize alt\u0131n madencili\u011fi s\u00fcrecini anlamam\u0131z i\u00e7in gereken bilgiyi verir.\n\nCevher (alt\u0131n i\u00e7eren kaya) ve at\u0131k (ekonomik olarak \u00f6nemli miktarda alt\u0131n i\u00e7ermeyen kaya) aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapmak i\u00e7in, bank ad\u0131 verilen b\u00fcy\u00fck, geni\u015f basamaklar delinir ve ard\u0131ndan b\u00f6lge patlat\u0131l\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, kaya daha kolay ta\u015f\u0131nabilir.\n\nY\u00fcksek ten\u00f6rl\u00fc cevher eksikli\u011fi, i\u015fletmeyi daha verimli hale getiren yeni ve en ileri teknoloji ve m\u00fchendisli\u011fin geli\u015ftirilmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. Macraes Operasyonunda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan cevher miktar\u0131n\u0131n kaz\u0131lan at\u0131k kaya miktar\u0131na oran\u0131 1:10 oldu\u011fundan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck birim maliyetler kritik \u00f6neme sahiptir (s\u0131y\u0131rma oran\u0131 olarak da bilinir). Bunu bir perspektife oturtmak gerekirse, bir a\u00e7\u0131k ocak madencilik i\u015fletmesinin bir ila iki gram alt\u0131n elde etmek i\u00e7in 11 ton kaya ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekir.\n

Yeralt\u0131 Madencili\u011fi<\/h3>\nMadencilik, yery\u00fcz\u00fcnden mineral \u00e7\u0131karma i\u015flemidir. Bir yeralt\u0131 madencili\u011fi geli\u015ftirmeden \u00f6nce bir dizi ke\u015fif sondaj\u0131 ve kapsaml\u0131 ekonomik analizler yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kapsam belirleme, \u00f6n fizibilite ve fizibilite \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara (12 ay) dahildir.\n\nYer\u00fcst\u00fc madencilik tesisleri, madencilik alan\u0131 iyice karakterize edilir edilmez in\u015fa edilir (alt\u0131 aya kadar). Yanal eri\u015fim s\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fcleri cevhere eri\u015fmek i\u00e7in d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hava yollar\u0131n\u0131 takip eder (iki ay ila birka\u00e7 y\u0131l). Ana t\u00fcnel in\u015fa edildikten sonra normal maden geli\u015ftirme ve \u00fcretim d\u00f6ng\u00fcleri ba\u015flayabilir.\n\nYanal geli\u015ftirme tahriklerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ten\u00f6r kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in sondaj ve durdurma (cevher madencili\u011fi) kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Dolgu sondaj\u0131, cevher k\u00fctlesinin konumunu daha hassas bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlayarak maden tasar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 jeolojik modelin do\u011frulu\u011funu ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc iyile\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\n\nMalzeme numuneleri cevherin derecesini ve t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc belirlemek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. T\u00fcneller, delme, patlatma, bat\u0131rma ve zemin deste\u011fi gibi madencilik s\u00fcre\u00e7leriyle geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.\n\nKaya, bogger olarak bilinen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck profilli ekskavat\u00f6rler kullan\u0131larak kaz\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce par\u00e7alanmal\u0131d\u0131r (k\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r). Operat\u00f6rleri kaya d\u00fc\u015fmelerinden ve di\u011fer risklerden korumak i\u00e7in yama\u00e7 \u00fcretimi ba\u015flar ba\u015flamaz uzaktan kumandal\u0131 boggerler kullan\u0131l\u0131r.\n\nMalzeme ROM (Run of Mine\/Mill) rampas\u0131na teslim edilir ve kamyonlarla \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr. Malzeme de\u011firmene g\u00f6nderilmeden \u00f6nce, bir ekskavat\u00f6r kalan \u00e7elik veya patlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r.\n\n

<\/b>\u0130\u015fleme ve Ekstraksiyon<\/span><\/b><\/h2><\/div>\n\nUltra ince ve \u00e7o\u011fu alt\u0131n i\u015fleme tesisinde kullan\u0131lan standart siyan\u00fcr li\u00e7i i\u015flemlerine diren\u00e7li olan refrakter alt\u0131n, maden sahas\u0131nda bulunabilir.\n\nGe\u00e7mi\u015fte, cevherin refrakter karakteri alt\u0131n\u0131n verimli bir \u015fekilde \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lamamas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, alt\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik olarak geri kazan\u0131labilmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131 bir i\u015fleme d\u00f6ng\u00fcs\u00fc uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\n

K\u0131rma ve \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme<\/h3>\nMinerallerin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 k\u0131rma ve \u00f6\u011f\u00fctme i\u015flemi ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. \u0130\u015fleme tesisindeki birincil k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, hem yeralt\u0131 madencili\u011finden hem de a\u00e7\u0131k ocak madenlerinden cevher al\u0131r.\n\n\u00c7enelerin alt\u0131ndaki 125 mm'lik bo\u015fluk kayay\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak s\u0131\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. De\u011firmen, k\u0131r\u0131lan kayan\u0131n son var\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131d\u0131r. K\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f kaya ayn\u0131 zamanda bulama\u00e7 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in su ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ana siklonlar bulamac\u0131 al\u0131r (malzemeyi boyutland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r).\n\nMadencilik s\u00fcreci, daha iri malzemenin dibe d\u00f6nmesi ve daha hafif malzemenin yukar\u0131ya do\u011fru d\u00f6nerek bir sonraki a\u015famaya itilmesiyle kendini tekrarlar.\n

Oksidasyon ve flotasyon<\/h3>\nFlotasyon h\u00fccreleri, alt\u0131n i\u00e7eren cevherin at\u0131k kayadan ayr\u0131labilece\u011fi ilk yerdir. Macraes'te, s\u00fclf\u00fcr cevheri burada \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan birincil \u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcr (alt\u0131n par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7eren). Sodyum \u0130zob\u00fctil Ksantat (SIBX), alt\u0131n par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n birbirine yap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in asidik bir \u00e7\u00f6zelti i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Alt\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 s\u00fclf\u00fcr, hava \u00e7alkalamas\u0131 kullan\u0131larak tanklar\u0131n tepesine do\u011fru y\u00fczd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.\n\nAlt\u0131n i\u00e7eren cevher at\u0131k kayadan ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra bu prosed\u00fcr tekrarlan\u0131r (cevherin ten\u00f6r\u00fc art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r). Baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde, flotasyon \u00fcniteleri alt\u0131n\u0131n 70%'sini yakalarken, birincil p\u00fcr\u00fczlendiriciler 30%'sini geri kazanmaktad\u0131r.\n

Absorpsiyon ve S\u0131z\u0131nt\u0131<\/h3>\nAlt\u0131n\u0131 kayadan \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in oksitlenmi\u015f bulama\u00e7 karbon li\u00e7i devresine g\u00f6nderilir. Sodyum siyan\u00fcr i\u00e7eren yer\u00e7ekimi beslemeli tanklar, sonuna do\u011fru zay\u0131flayan ve giderek artan zehirle doldurulur.\n\nAlt\u0131n\u0131 kayalardan \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in sodyum siyan\u00fcr kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bir kaya par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 tanklardan \u00fc\u00e7 ila d\u00f6rt g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7ebilir. Kaya par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131 son tanka ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda alt\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 98,5'i toplanm\u0131\u015f olur.\n\n

<\/b>Islah<\/span><\/b><\/h2><\/div>\n\nKapatma ve \u0131slah, madencilik s\u00fcrecinin alt\u0131nc\u0131 ve son a\u015famalar\u0131d\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok maden uzun s\u00fcre k\u00e2rl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00fcretim yapma potansiyeline sahiptir, ancak madencilik yine de k\u0131sa \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc bir \u00e7abad\u0131r.\n\nArt\u0131k neredeyse t\u00fcm i\u015fletmeler daha in\u015faata ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce nas\u0131l kapanacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bulmak zorundalar, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmetler ruhsat vermeden \u00f6nce i\u015fletmecilerin bir stratejiye ve bunu yapacak paraya sahip olduklar\u0131na dair garanti istiyorlar.\n\nMaden kapatma ve rehabilitasyon plan\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde proje boyunca ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u00e7evresel de\u011ferlendirmelerin bulgular\u0131na dayanmaktad\u0131r.\n\nA\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bir\u00e7ok hedef, eksiksiz bir madencilik rehabilitasyon program\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r\n
    \n \t
  • Halk\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenli\u011finin g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131<\/li>\n \t
  • \u00c7evre \u00fczerindeki olumsuz etkinin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li>\n \t
  • \u00c7\u00f6p ve tehlikeli maddeleri ortadan kald\u0131rarak su kalitesini korumak<\/li>\n \t
  • Araziyi stabilize ederek erozyondan korumak<\/li>\n \t
  • Yeni arazi formu ve bitki \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fc olu\u015fturma<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nBir madenin kapatma plan\u0131n\u0131n sahay\u0131 ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde rehabilite etmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6stermektedir:\n
      \n \t
    • \u0130yile\u015ftirme: Tehlikeli maddenin t\u00fcm izlerinin giderilmesi ve alan\u0131n dezenfekte edilmesi.<\/li>\n \t
    • Islah: Do\u011fay\u0131 orijinal kullan\u0131m\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in arazinin stabilize edilmesi, peyzaj\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00fcst topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi gerekir.<\/li>\n \t
    • Restorasyon: Madenden etkilenen bitki ve hayvanlar maden \u00f6ncesi durumlar\u0131na geri getirilecektir.<\/li>\n \t
    • Rehabilitasyon: Arazinin ya madencilikten \u00f6nceki haliyle ya da ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrden yeni bir ekosistemde istikrarl\u0131 ve kendi kendine yetebilir hale getirilmesi.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nA\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, madencilik \u015firketleri taraf\u0131ndan bir madeni kapat\u0131rken kullan\u0131lan madencilik s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r:\n
        \n \t
      • Maden kapand\u0131: \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131, ekipmanlar kapat\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00fcretim ask\u0131ya al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/li>\n \t
      • Hizmetten \u00e7\u0131karma: \u0130\u015fletme ve ekipman s\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr, \u00e7\u00f6pler bertaraf edilir, binalar y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r veya yeniden kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve sonras\u0131nda saha temizlenir.<\/li>\n \t
      • \u0130yile\u015ftirme, \u0131slah veya yeniden kullan\u0131m: Zararl\u0131 veya kirletici unsurlar\u0131n araziden ve \u00e7evredeki ekosistemlerden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak do\u011fal hallerine geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmesidir.<\/li>\n \t
      • Kapatma sonras\u0131: Madencilik faaliyetinin kapal\u0131 tutulmas\u0131 ve yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ba\u015fka faaliyetlerin belirlenmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        Much of the energy and commodities we use come from the mining process. The steps of the mining process have not changed much throughout the years, making mining an essential aspect of the American economy.  However, for the mining process to be successful and efficient at ore-mining, the process must demand a high degree of […]\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":2541,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"yoast_head":"\nThe Mining Process From Start To Finish<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A lot of exploration work is required before mining. This article will introduce you to the detailed mining process.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/fuchenglhd.com\/tr\/blog\/madencilik-sureci\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The Mining Process From Start To Finish\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A lot of exploration work is required before mining. 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